Unverified paper record
Estimating Rice SPAD Values via Multi-Sensor Data Fusion of Multispectral and RGB Cameras Using Machine Learning with a Phenotyping Robot
Remote Sensing · 3 Sept 2025 · 10.3390/rs17173069
Abstract
Chlorophyll is crucial for crop photosynthesis and useful for monitoring crop growth and predicting yield. Its content can be indicated by SPAD meter readings. However, SPAD-based monitoring of rice is time- and labor-intensive, whereas remote sensing offers non-destructive, rapid, real-time solutions. Compared with mainstream unmanned aerial vehicle, emerging phenotyping robots can carry multiple sensors and acquire higher-resolution data. Nevertheless, the feasibility of estimating rice SPAD using multi-sensor data obtained by phenotyping robots remains unknown, and whether the integration of machine learning algorithms can improve the accuracy of rice SPAD monitoring also requires investigation. This study utilizes phenotyping robots to acquire multispectral and RGB images of rice across multiple growth stages, while simultaneously collecting SPAD values. Subsequently, four machine learning algorithms—random forest, partial least squares regression, extreme gradient boosting, and boosted regression trees—are employed to construct SPAD monitoring models with different features. The random forest model combining vegetation indices, color indices, and texture features achieved the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 1.593). In summary, integrating phenotyping robot-derived multi-sensor data with machine learning enables high-precision, efficient, and non-destructive rice SPAD estimation, providing technical and theoretical support for rice phenotyping and precision cultivation.
Plant phenotyping relevance
フェノタイピングロボットのマルチセンサー画像と機械学習により、イネのSPAD値（クロロフィル状態）を推定する手法を構築・評価しており、表現型取得・抽出が研究の中心である。
abstractThis study utilizes phenotyping robots to acquire multispectral and RGB images of rice across multiple growth stages, while simultaneously collecting SPAD values.
abstractSubsequently, four machine learning algorithms—random forest, partial least squares regression, extreme gradient boosting, and boosted regression trees—are employed to construct SPAD monitoring models with different features.
abstractintegrating phenotyping robot-derived multi-sensor data with machine learning enables high-precision, efficient, and non-destructive rice SPAD estimation
Code and data availability
The supplied article blocks describe rice SPAD data collection with a phenotyping robot and machine learning modeling, but contain no data availability statement, public dataset deposit, image release, or author code/model repository. No paper-specific public asset is identified.
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