Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase action in vivo in date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit cell walls.

Abstract

Background and aims The programmed softening occurring during fruit development requires scission of cell wall polysaccharides, especially pectin. Proposed mechanisms include the action of wall enzymes or hydroxyl radicals. Enzyme activities found in fruit extracts include pectate lyase (PL) and endo-polygalacturonase (EPG), which, in vitro, cleave de-esterified homogalacturonan in mid-chain by β-elimination and hydrolysis, respectively. However, the important biological question of whether PL exhibits action in vivo had not been tested. Methods We developed a method for specifically and sensitively detecting in-vivo PL products, based on Driselase digestion of cell wall polysaccharides and detection of the characteristic unsaturated product of PL action. Key results In model in-vitro experiments, pectic homogalacturonan that had been partially cleaved by commercial PL was digested to completion with Driselase, releasing an unsaturated disaccharide ('ΔUA-GalA'), taken as diagnostic of PL action. ΔUA-GalA was separated from saturated oligogalacturonides (EPG products) by electrophoresis, then subjected to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), resolving ΔUA-GalA from higher homologues. The ΔUA-GalA was confirmed as 4-deoxy-β-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl-(1→4)-d-galacturonic acid by NMR spectroscopy. Driselase digestion of cell walls from ripe fruits of date (Phoenix dactylifera), pear (Pyrus communis), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and apple (Malus pumila) yielded ΔUA-GalA, demonstrating that PL had been acting in vivo in these fruits prior to harvest. Date-derived ΔUA-GalA was verified by negative-mode mass spectrometry, including collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. The ΔUA-GalA:GalA ratio from ripe dates was roughly 1:20 (mol mol-1), indicating that approx. 5 % of the bonds in endogenous homogalacturonan had been cleaved by in-vivo PL action. Conclusions The results provide the first demonstration that PL, previously known from studies of fruit gene expression, proteomic studies and in-vitro enzyme activity, exhibits enzyme action in the walls of soft fruits and may thus be proposed to contribute to fruit softening.

Plant phenotyping relevance

果実軟化という植物状態に関連する酵素作用を検出する新規分析法を開発し、複数果実で検証しているため、単なる生物学的測定ではなく方法中心の研究と判断した。

Code and data availability

The paper is a wet-lab biochemical study (Driselase digestion, electrophoresis, TLC, NMR, MS) of pectate lyase action in fruit cell walls. No public phenotype/trait datasets, plant images, sensor data, author analysis code, or trained models are mentioned. The only supplementary item is a figure file (Supplementary Fig

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