Hazelnut Yield Estimation: A Vision-Based Approach for Automated Counting of Hazelnut Female Flowers.

Abstract

Accurate estimation of hazelnut yield is crucial for optimizing resource management and harvest planning. Although the number of female flowers on a flowering plant is a reliable indicator of annual production, counting them remains difficult because of their extremely small size and inconspicuous shape and color. Currently, manual flower counting is the only available method, but it is time-consuming and prone to errors. In this study, a novel vision-based method for automatic flower counting specifically designed for hazelnut plants ( Corylus avellana ) exploiting a commercial high-resolution imaging system and an image-tiling strategy to enhance small-object detection is proposed. The method is designed to be fast and scalable, requiring less than 8 s per plant for processing, in contrast to 30-60 min typically required for manual counting by human operators. A dataset of 2000 labeled frames was used to train and evaluate multiple female hazelnut flower detection models. To improve the detection of small, low-contrast flowers, a modified YOLO11x architecture was introduced by adding a P2 layer, improving the preservation of fine-grained spatial information and resulting in a precision of 0.98 and a Mean Average Precision (mAP@50-95) of 0.89. The proposed method has been validated on images collected from hazelnut groves and compared with manual counting by four experienced operators in the field, demonstrating its ability to detect small, low-contrast flowers despite occlusions and varying lighting conditions. A regression-based bias correction was applied to compensate for systematic counting deviations, further improving accuracy and reducing the mean absolute percentage error to 27.44%, a value comparable to the variability observed in manual counting. The results indicate that the system can provide a scalable and efficient alternative to traditional female flower manual counting methods, offering an automated solution tailored to the unique challenges of hazelnut yield estimation.

Plant phenotyping relevance

ハシバミ植物の雌花数という収量関連形質を画像から自動抽出する手法を開発し、データセット、モデル改良、現地検証、手動計数との比較まで行っており、フェノタイピング手法が中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper describes a hazelnut female-flower phenotyping dataset (2000 labeled 400x400 tiles from 50 high-resolution images, 2545 annotated flowers) and YOLO11x-P2 models, but no public deposit or authors' URL is provided. The Data Availability Statement states the dataset is available only on request from the authors.

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