Reducing soil and leaf shadow interference in UAV imagery for cotton nitrogen monitoring.

Abstract

Introduction Individual leaves in the image are partly veiled by other leaves, which create shadows on another leaf. To eliminate the interference of soil and leaf shadows on cotton spectra and create reliable monitoring of cotton nitrogen content, one classification method to unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image pixels is proposed. Methods In this work, green light (550 nm) is divided into 10 levels to limit soil and leaf shadows (LS) on cotton spectrum. How many shadow has an influence on cotton spectra may be determined by the strong correlation between the vegetation index (VI) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC). Several machine learning methods were utilized to predict LNC using less disturbed VI. R-Square ( R 2 ), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Results (i) after the spectrum were preprocessed by gaussian filter (GF), SG smooth (SG), and combination of GF and SG (GF&SG), the significant relationship between VI and LNC was greatly improved, so the Standard deviation of datasets was also decreased greatly; (ii) the image pixels were classified twice sequentially. Following the first classification, the influence of soil on vegetation index (VI) decreased. Following secondary classification, the influence of soil and LS to VI can be minimized. The relationship between the VI and LNC had improved significantly; (iii) After classifying the image pixels, the VI of 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5 have a stronger relationship with LNC accordingly. Correlation coefficients ( r ) can reach to 0.5. That optimizes monitoring performance when combined with GF&SG to predict LNC, support vector machine regression (SVMR) has the better performance, R 2 , RMSE, and MAE up to 0.86, 1.01, and 0.71, respectively. The UAV image classification technique in this study can minimize the negative effects of soil and LS on cotton spectrum, allowing for efficient and timely predict LNC.

Plant phenotyping relevance

UAV画像の画素分類とスペクトル前処理により、土壌・葉影の影響を低減してワタの葉窒素含量を推定する手法が研究の中心であり、性能評価も行っている。

Code and data availability

The paper describes UAV hyperspectral imagery and cotton LNC measurements, but no public dataset, image, code, or model deposit is stated. The data availability statement only points to the article/Supplementary Material (which contains only equipment/ROI figures) and directs further inquiries to the authors, with no作者

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