Oil Palm Leaves Phenotyping using Biomarkers Derived from Raman Spectra

Abstract

The efficient production of oil from oil palm trees is heavily dependent on their health status, reflected in the oil extraction rate (OER). The 17th frond of the oil palm trees contains a significant amount of organic compounds that directly influence the overall health of the tree. Achieving an optimal balance of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) is crucial for classifying a tree as healthy, as it results in an increased oil to bunch and fruit to bunch ratio. To accurately assess the health level of oil palm trees, this study explores the application of Raman spectroscopy, a non-invasive technique in determining the molecular fingerprint of an organic sample. In this research, Raman spectroscopy is employed to determine the health level of oil palm trees, and a machine learning-based health level classification algorithm is developed. The algorithm analyzes the organic compounds found in oil palm leaves, which were collected from 20 different trees. The extracted spectral features from these leaves are used to classify them into two health levels: healthy and not healthy. For this purpose, 31 machine learning models are tested to identify the most accurate classifier. The findings reveal that the Tree and fine K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier demonstrates the highest overall accuracy of 95% using three significant features, namely the Raman intensity, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), and area under the curve. This result signifies the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a reliable and promising method for non-invasively phenotyping oil palm leaves, enabling precise prediction of the health status of oil palm trees.

Plant phenotyping relevance

ラマン分光による油ヤシ葉の健康状態（植物状態）の非侵襲的推定と、スペクトル特徴量を用いた分類手法の開発が中心であるため、植物フェノタイピング手法として採用する。

Code and data availability

The article describes Raman spectra collection from oil palm leaves, NPK chemical analysis, and MATLAB/Orange/OriginPro-based classification, but contains no data availability statement, no public dataset or code deposit, and no author-provided URL for any phenotype data, spectra, or trained models. The only URLs in a

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