Recommendations for assessing xylogenesis in angiosperm trees.

Abstract

Understanding wood formation is critical for interpreting tree growth and carbon allocation under changing environmental conditions. While major progress has been made for gymnosperms, harmonized approaches for studying xylogenesis in angiosperms remain limited. Here, we present practical recommendations for observing and analysing xylogenesis in angiosperm trees, illustrated from examples from temperate and sub-Mediterranean forests. The perspective includes guidance on identifying xylem cell types in histological sections, defining developmental phenophases and establishing a workflow for data collection (and analysis). Annotated images are provided to support reproducibility and inter-observer consistency. We also discuss key challenges unique to angiosperms, including cell-type-specificities and wood type differences. Future research priorities include conserving histological images, extending xylogenesis to branches and coarse roots, enabling cross-biome comparisons and advancing kinetic analysis. This framework supports the coordinated expansion of angiosperm xylogenesis studies, enabling deeper insights into tree functioning in a changing world.

Plant phenotyping relevance

被子植物の木部形成（xylogenesis）を観察・分析するための標準化手順、組織学的画像、データ収集・解析ワークフローを中心に提示しており、植物の発達状態を測定する方法論的研究である。

Code and data availability

This is a recommendations/review paper on xylogenesis assessment in angiosperm trees. The only paper-specific asset mentioned is a set of supporting pictures (plant anatomical images) with an explicit on-request availability statement; no public dataset, code, or trained model is deposited. The supplementary material (

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