Classifying Storage Temperature for Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata L.) Using Bioimpedance and Diameter Measurements with Machine Learning.

Abstract

Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata L.) is consumed worldwide. Improper storage temperatures cause flavor loss and shorten shelf lives, reducing marketability. Mandarins' quality is difficult to assess visually, as they show no apparent changes during storage. Therefore, a simple, non-destructive method is needed to assess their freshness as affected by temperature. This work utilized non-invasive bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on mandarins stored at different temperatures. Eight machine learning (ML) models were trained with bioimpedance data to classify storage temperature. Also, we confirmed whether integrating diameter and time-series changes into the bioimpedance could improve the ML models' accuracies by minimizing sample variations. Additionally, we evaluated the effectiveness of equivalent circuit (EC) parameters derived from bioimpedance data for ML training. Although slightly less accurate than using raw bioimpedance data, EC parameters can efficiently reduce data dimensionality. Among all models, the SVM model trained with changes in bioimpedance integrated with diameter data achieved the highest accuracy of 0.92. It was a significant improvement compared to the accuracy of 0.76 achieved when using only the raw bioimpedance data. Thus, this study suggests a novel method of integrating diameter and bioimpedance changes to assess the storage temperature of mandarins. This approach can also be applied to other fruits when utilizing BIS.

Plant phenotyping relevance

マンダリン果実の保存温度・鮮度状態を、バイオインピーダンスと径の非破壊測定および機械学習で推定する手法の開発・評価が中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper's bioimpedance and diameter measurements (552 BIS records from 184 mandarins) and ML analysis are paper-specific, but the authors state the data are only available on request; no public deposit or author code URL is provided. The supplementary materials link only contains hyperparameter tables, not datasets,

No evidence-backed public reproduction asset is currently recorded.