Rapid Determination of Cadmium Contamination in Lettuce Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.

Abstract

Quick access to cadmium (Cd) contamination in lettuce is important to supervise the leafy vegetable growth environment and market. This study aims to apply laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology for fast determination of Cd content and diagnosis of the Cd contamination degree in lettuce. Emission lines Cd II 214.44 nm, Cd II 226.50 nm, and Cd I 228.80 nm were selected to establish the univariate analysis model. Multivariate analysis including partial least squares (PLS) regression, was used to establish Cd content calibration models, and PLS model based on 22 variables selected by genetic algorithm (GA) obtained the best performance with correlation coefficient in the prediction set Rp ² = 0.9716, limit of detection ( LOD ) = 1.7 mg/kg. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and random forest (RF) were used to analyze Cd contamination degree, and RF model obtained the correct classification rate of 100% in prediction set. The preliminary results indicate LIBS coupled with chemometrics could be used as a fast, efficient and low-cost method to assess Cd contamination in the vegetable industry.

Plant phenotyping relevance

LIBSとケモメトリクスにより、レタスのCd含量および汚染度を非破壊・迅速に推定する測定法を開発・検証しており、植物状態の取得が研究の中心です。

Code and data availability

The paper reports LIBS spectra of Cd-stressed lettuce leaves analyzed with PLS, GA, PCA, KNN, and RF in MATLAB, but no public phenotype dataset, spectral data, images, analysis code, or trained models are deposited. The only availability statement explicitly denies sample access, and the sole URL present is the article

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