MatchPlant: An Open-Source Pipeline for UAV-Based Single-Plant Detection from Undistorted Images with Orthomosaic Projection

Abstract

Accurate identification of individual plants from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery is essential for high-throughput phenotyping and data-driven decision-making in plant breeding. This study presents MatchPlant, a modular, open-source Python pipeline with a graphical user interface for UAV-based single-plant detection and geospatial trait extraction. The pipeline integrates UAV image processing, user-guided annotation of selected undistorted images, convolutional neural network–based object-detection training, forward projection of bounding boxes onto an orthomosaic, and shapefile generation for spatial phenotypic analysis. This workflow preserves native image geometry during detection while maintaining coordinate traceability from source imagery to georeferenced outputs. Across five independent training runs using early-season maize imagery, MatchPlant achieved source-image-level detection performance of AP@0.5 = 90.3 ± 1.1% and mAP@0.5:0.95 = 43.4 ± 2.9%. Orthomosaic-level evaluation after forward projection showed AP@0.5 = 89.7 ± 0.8% and recall = 93.7 ± 1.2%, demonstrating the workflow’s ability to transfer plant detections into georeferenced outputs. Plant-level traits, including plant height derived from canopy height models and NDVI derived from vegetation index rasters, showed strong agreement with manual annotations ( r = 0.87–0.97). Detection outputs were reused across time points with minimal additional annotation, supporting temporal phenotyping during early growth. The framework was validated using maize imagery from a single site and growing season, where plant separation remained clear. By combining modular design, reproducibility, and coordinate traceability, MatchPlant provides an open-source workflow for UAV-based plant-level analysis, with broader applications requiring validation across additional crops, sensors, growth stages, GSDs, and field conditions.

Plant phenotyping relevance

UAV画像から個体検出と植物形質（草高・NDVI）を抽出する、オープンソースの再利用可能なワークフローを開発・検証しており、植物フェノタイピング手法が中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper's MatchPlant analysis pipeline is publicly available on GitHub, and the maize case-study training dataset and pre-trained model are publicly available on Zenodo; both are paper-specific, public, and actionable.