CADFFNet: a dual-branch neural network for non-destructive detection of cigar leaf moisture content during air-curing stage

Abstract

Introduction The cigar leaves moisture content (CLMC) is a critical parameter for controlling curing barn conditions. Along with the continuous advancement of deep learning (DL) technologies, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have provided a way of thinking for the non-destructive estimation of CLMC during the air-curing process. Nevertheless, relying merely on single-perspective imaging makes it difficult to comprehensively capture the complementary morphological features of the front and back sides of cigar leaves during the air-curing process. Methods This study constructed a dual-view image dataset covering the air-curing process, and proposes a regression framework named CADFFNet (channel attention weight-based dual-branch feature fusion network) for the non-destructive estimation of CLMC during the curing process based on dual-view RGB images. Firstly, the model utilizes two independent and parallel ResNet as its backbone structure to capture the heterogeneous features of dual-view images. Secondly, the Dual Efficient Channel Attention (DECA) module is introduced to dynamically adjust the channel attention weights of the features, thereby facilitating interaction between the two branches. Lastly, a Multi-scale convolutional feature fusion (MSCFF) module is designed for the deep fusion of features from the front and back images to aggregate multi-scale features for robust regression. Results On five-fold cross-validation, CADFFNet attains R2 of 0.974±0.007 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.80±0.37%. On an independent cross-region, cross-variety testing set, it maintains strong generalization (R2=0.899, MAE=5.82%), compared with the classic CNN models ResNet18, GoogLeNet, VGG19Net, DenseNet121, and MobileNetV2, its R2 value has increased by 0.047, 0.041, 0.055, 0.098, and 0.090 respectively. Discussion Generally, the proposed CADFFNet offers an efficient and convenient method for non-destructive detection of CLMC, providing a theoretical basis for automating the air-curing process. It also provides a new perspective for moisture content prediction during the drying process of other crops, such as tea, asparagus, and mushrooms.

Plant phenotyping relevance

葉の水分含量という植物状態を、二視点RGB画像と新規深層学習回帰モデルで非破壊推定する手法を開発し、交差検証および独立試験で性能評価しており、植物フェノタイピング手法が中心である。

Code and data availability

The supplied blocks describe a self-collected dual-view cigar leaf image dataset (2,010 training images plus an independent test set) and the CADFFNet model, but contain no data availability statement, repository deposit, or public URL for the dataset, images, code, or trained model. No paper-specific public asset is.

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