A rapid method to quantify vein density in C 4 plants using starch staining.

Abstract

C 4 photosynthesis has evolved multiple times in the angiosperms and typically involves alterations to the biochemistry, cell biology and development of leaves. One common modification found in C 4 plants compared with the ancestral C 3 state is an increase in vein density such that the leaf contains a larger proportion of bundle sheath cells. Recent findings indicate that there may be significant intraspecific variation in traits such as vein density in C 4 plants but to use such natural variation for trait-mapping, rapid phenotyping would be required. Here we report a high-throughput method to quantify vein density that leverages the bundle sheath-specific accumulation of starch found in C 4 species. Starch staining allowed high-contrast images to be acquired permitting image analysis with MATLAB- and Python-based programmes. The method works for dicotyledons and monocotolydons. We applied this method to Gynandropsis gynandra where significant variation in vein density was detected between natural accessions, and Zea mays where no variation was apparent in the genotypically diverse lines assessed. We anticipate this approach will be useful to map genes controlling vein density in C 4 species demonstrating natural variation for this trait.

Plant phenotyping relevance

C4植物の葉脈密度を高速・高スループットに定量する染色、画像取得、画像解析手法を開発しており、植物形態形質の抽出が研究の中心です。

Code and data availability

The paper's Starch4Kranz vein-density analysis pipeline (MATLAB and Python scripts) is explicitly deposited publicly on GitHub by the authors. No separate phenotype dataset or image deposit is stated in the supplied text.