Lightweight deep neural network for contour detection and extraction of wheat spikes in complex field environments.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Spikelet number, a core phenotypic parameter for wheat yield composition, requires precise estimation through accurate spike contour extraction and differentiation between grain surfaces and spikelet surfaces. However, technical challenges persist in precise spike segmentation under complex field backgrounds and morphological differentiation between grain/spikelet surfaces. METHOD: Building on two-year multi-angle wheat spike imagery, we propose an enhanced YOLOv9-LDS multi-scale object detection framework. The algorithm innovatively constructs a lightweight depthwise separable network (LDSNet) as backbone, balancing computational efficiency and accuracy through channel re-parameterization strategy; incorporates an Efficient Local Attention (ELA) module to build feature enhancement networks, and employs dual-path feature fusion mechanisms to strengthen edge texture responses, significantly improving discrimination of overlapping spikes and complex backgrounds. Further optimizes the loss function system by replacing traditional IoU with Scylla Intersection over Union (SIoU) metric, enhancing bounding box regression through dynamic focus factors, and adding high-resolution small-object detection layers to mitigate dense spikelet feature loss. RESULTS: Independent test set validation shows the improved model achieves 83.9% contour integrity recognition rate and 92.4% mAP@0.5, exceeding baseline by 3.2 and 5.3% points respectively. Ablation studies confirm LDSNet-ELA integration reduces false positives by 27.6%, while the enhanced loss function system improves small-object recall by 19.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed framework demonstrates superior performance in complex field scenarios with dense targets and dynamic illumination. The multi-scale feature synergy enhancement mechanism overcomes traditional models' limitations in detecting overlapping spikes. This method not only enables precise spike phenotyping but also provides robust algorithmic support for intelligent field spikelet counting systems, advancing translational applications in crop phenomics.

Plant phenotyping relevance

コムギ穂の輪郭抽出・検出による穂形質測定法を開発し、独立テストとアブレーションで性能検証しており、植物フェノタイピング手法が中心である。

Code and data availability

The article describes a wheat spike image dataset (3,024 original images, 6,572 final annotated images) and a YOLOv9-LDS model, but the supplied blocks contain no data availability statement, no public repository deposit, no author code release, and no URL to a dataset or trained model. No paper-specific public asset.

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