Comparative assessment of root exudation in maize: Influence of experimental setup, growth conditions and root hairs.

Abstract

Background and aims A major challenge in root exudation research is obtaining exudates samples that accurately reflect the exudation processes under natural soil growth conditions. Both growth environment and experimental setup can significantly influence root exudation dynamics. This study investigated how different experimental systems and growth conditions affect carbon exudation in maize ( Zea mays L.) roots and whether these factors could influence the detection of genotypic differences between the wild type (B73) and its hairless mutant, rth3. Methods Maize plants were grown under various experimental conditions, including soil-based and hydroponic systems. Root exudates were collected using a combination of traditional and innovative sampling approaches. Carbon exudation rates were compared across experimental setups and genotypes. Laboratory results were further compared with data from a separate field experiment. Results Exudation rates obtained from soil-based laboratory experiments were comparable to those observed in the field under similar growth temperatures. The contribution of root hairs to total carbon exudation was negligible compared to the effect of growth conditions and experimental setup. Large differences in root biomass introduced bias into exudation measurements, particularly when root to sampling volume ratio (RSVR) varied substantially. Conclusions Experimental setup and environmental conditions have a strong influence on root exudation measurement. Soil-based laboratory systems that closely replicate field conditions, particularly temperature, can serve as reliable proxies for field experiments, providing ecologically meaningful data. Maintaining a consistent RSVR is also essential for obtaining accurate and comparable results. These findings offer important methodological guidance for reliably quantifying root carbon exudation in maize. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-026-08324-x.

Plant phenotyping relevance

トウモロコシ根からの炭素滲出量の測定について、実験系・環境条件・サンプリング法の影響を比較検証し、信頼性と再現性のための測定指針を提示している。測定法の評価が研究の中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper reports maize root carbon exudation measurements across hydroponic, soil column, soil-REC, and field setups, but no public repository deposit of the phenotype data, images, or analysis code is stated. The only availability statement directs readers to the corresponding author. The BioRender link is a createds

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