Determination of the Leaf Inclination Angle (LIA) through Field and Remote Sensing Methods: Current Status and Future Prospects

Abstract

The leaf inclination angle (LIA), defined as the leaf or needle inclination angle to the horizontal plane, is vital in radiative transfer, precipitation interception, evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and hydrological processes. This paper reviews the field and remote sensing methods to determine LIA. In the field, LIA is determined using direct and indirect methods. The direct methods include direct contact, photographic, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) methods, while the indirect methods are composed of the gap fraction, four-component, and polarization measurement methods. The direct methods can obtain LIA accurately at individual leaves, crown, and plot scales, whereas the indirect methods work well for crops at the plot level. The remote sensing methods to estimate LIA are mainly based on the empirical, radiative transfer model, and gap fraction methods. More advanced inversion strategies and validation studies are necessary to improve the robustness of LIA remote sensing estimation. In future studies, automated observation systems can be developed and the LIA measurement can be incorporated into existing ground observation networks to enhance spatial coverage.

Plant phenotyping relevance

葉傾斜角という植物形態形質の測定法を、圃場およびリモートセンシング手法として体系的にレビューしており、フェノタイピング手法が中心である。

Code and data availability

This is a review article on leaf inclination angle (LIA) measurement methods. It presents no original phenotyping measurements, datasets, images, code, or models of its own. The datasets and instruments mentioned (e.g., LIA datasets in references 105–107, LAI-2200, HemiView) are cited prior work or commercial tools, or

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