Evaluation of C and X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Derivatives for Tracking Crop Phenological Development

Abstract

Due to the expanding population and the constantly changing climate, food production is now considered a crucial concern. Although passive satellite remote sensing has already demonstrated its capabilities in accurate crop development monitoring, its limitations related to sunlight and cloud cover significantly restrict real-time temporal monitoring resolution. Considering synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, which is independent of the Sun and clouds, SAR remote sensing can be a perfect alternative to passive remote sensing methods. However, a variety of SAR sensors and delivered SAR indices present different performances in such context for different vegetation species. Therefore, this work focuses on comparing various SAR-derived indices from C-band and (Sentinel-1) and X-band (TerraSAR-X) data with the in situ information (phenp; pgy development, vegetation height and soil moisture) in the context of tracking the phenological development of corn, winter wheat, rye, canola, and potato. For this purpose, backscattering coefficients in VV and VH polarizations (σVV0, σVH0), interferometric coherence, and the dual pol radar vegetation index (DpRVI) were calculated. To reduce noise in time series data and evaluate which filtering method presents a higher usability in SAR phenology tracking, signal filtering, such as Savitzky–Golay and moving average, with different parameters, were employed. The achieved results present that, for various plant species, different sensors (Sentinel-1 or TerraSAR-X) represent different performances. For instance, σVH0 of TerraSAR-X offered higher consistency with corn development (r = 0.81), while for canola σVH0 of Sentinel-1 offered higher performance (r = 0.88). Generally, σVV0, σVH0 performed better than DpRVI or interferometric coherence. Time series filtering makes it possible to increase an agreement between phenology development and SAR-delivered indices; however, the Savitzky–Golay filtering method is more recommended. Besides phenological development, high correspondences can be found between vegetation height and some of SAR indices. Moreover, in some cases, moderate correlation was found between SAR indices and soil moisture.

Plant phenotyping relevance

SARセンサー由来指標と時系列フィルタリングを比較・評価し、作物の生育段階や草丈などの植物形質追跡への有用性を検証しており、フェノタイピング手法の評価が中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper's phenotyping measurements (BBCH phenology, vegetation height, soil moisture from 30 fields) are paper-specific but only available upon request; no author code or public dataset deposit is stated. Sentinel-1 data are generic public archive data, and TerraSAR-X requires DLR licensing.

No evidence-backed public reproduction asset is currently recorded.