Cross Disease Similarity Awareness Learning (CDSAL) with DenseNet-EfficientNet embedding fusion for high-precision tomato leaf pathology classification with Grad-CAM explainability.

Abstract

The research proposes Cross Disease Similarity Awareness Learning (CDSAL), a robust multiclass tomato leaf disease detection framework based on high-quality and explainable deep learning. The approach solves the problem of superimposed patterns of disease especially Leaf Miner, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), and nutrient deficiencies through the combination of multi-domain feature learning and inter-disease similarity modeling. In contrast to conventional metric learning or contrastive learning methods that function on pairwise or triplet sample associations, CDSAL develops a class-level Cross Disease Similarity Matrix that represents structured inter-disease proximity within the embedding space. Moreover, rather than employing episodic prototype construction typical of few-shot learning, the proposed system persistently updates centroid representations throughout supervised training and incorporates similarity-aware regularization directly into the loss function. This facilitates structural embedding reshaping specifically designed for visually overlapping illness categories, beyond traditional prototype-based learning methodologies. The input images are processed through HSV based green masking, morphological cleaning, extraction of leaf contours and resizing, and using a large amount of geometric and color-space augmentation to reduce the imbalance among the classes. DenseNet121 and EfficientNet-B0 are used to obtain feature representations and class-separated centroid of latent embedding's to form a Cross Disease Similarity Matrix, where similarity-aware optimization is possible during training. Grad-CAM on the target layers offers decipherable disease-specific activation signatures. The findings of the experiments show that classification accuracy at unseen samples is 99.77% with high resilience to visual confounding. The predictions, proximity of diseases that are similar and explainable features are provided by CDSAL, thereby facilitating reliable decision-making in agricultural diagnostics.

Plant phenotyping relevance

トマト葉の病害状態を画像から推定する深層学習手法を提案し、前処理・特徴抽出・類似度学習・説明可能性を技術的中心として評価しているため。

Code and data availability

The paper's plant-phenotyping inputs are two publicly available Kaggle image datasets explicitly named in the Data Availability statement: PlantVillage (emmarex/plantdisease) used as the main dataset and TomatoVillage (mamtag/tomato-village) used for ablation/field-condition experiments. No author analysis code, models