Hyperspectral imaging analysis for early detection of tomato bacterial leaf spot disease.

Abstract

Recent advancements in hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for early disease detection have shown promising results, yet there is a lack of validated high-resolution (spatial and spectral) HSI data representing the responses of plants at different stages of leaf disease progression. To address these gaps, we used bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas perforans) of tomato as a model system. Hyperspectral images of tomato leaves, validated against in planta pathogen populations for seven consecutive days, were analyzed to reveal differences between infected and healthy leaves. Machine learning models were trained using leaf-level full spectra data, leaf-level Vegetation index (VI) data, and pixel-level full spectra data at four disease progression stages. The results suggest that HSI can detect disease on tomato leaves at pre-symptomatic stages and differentiate bacterial disease spots from abiotic leaf spots. Using VI data as features for machine learning improved overall classification performance by 26-37% compared to the direct use of raw data. Critical wavelength bands and VIs varied across disease progression stages, suggesting that pre-symptomatic disease detection relied more on changes in leaf water content (1400 nm) and plant defense hormone-mediated responses (750 nm) rather than changes in leaf pigments or internal structure (800-900 nm), which may become more crucial during symptomatic stages. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of bacterial spot disease, revealing the potential benefits of leaf structure segmentation and VI group pattern analysis in HSI studies for the early detection of leaf diseases.

Plant phenotyping relevance

トマト葉の病徴状態をハイパースペクトル画像と機械学習で推定し、病害進行段階、前症状検出、異常葉斑との識別を検証することが中心である。

Code and data availability

The paper's raw hyperspectral image data (tomato leaf HSI used for phenotyping/analysis) are publicly deposited on Ag Data Commons. No author analysis code is publicly shared; evaluation metrics are only available upon request.