Real-Time Callus Instance Segmentation in Plant Tissue Culture Using Successive Generations of YOLO Architectures

Abstract

Callus induction is a complex procedure in plant organ, cell, and tissue culture that underpins processes such as metabolite production, regeneration, and genetic transformation. It is important to monitor callus formation alongside subjective evaluations, which require labor-intensive care. In this research, the first curated lentil (Lens culinaris) callus dataset for instance segmentation was experimentally generated using three genotypes as one data set: Firat-87, Cagil, and Tigris. Leaf explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with different concentrations of gross regulators of BA and NAA to induce callus formation. Three biologically relevant stages, the leaf stage, the green callus, and the necrosis callus, were produced. During this process, 122 high-resolution images were obtained, resulting in 1185 total annotations across them. The dataset was evaluated across four successive generations (v5/7/8/11) of YOLO deep learning models under identical conditions using mAP, Dice coefficient, Precision, Recall, and IoU, together with efficiency metrics including parameter counts, FLOPs, and inference speed. The results show that anchor-based variants (YOLOv5/7) relied on predefined priors and showed limited boundary precision, whereas anchor-free designs (YOLOv8/11) used decoupled heads and direct center/boundary regression that provided clear advantages for callus structures. YOLOv8 reached the highest instance segmentation precision with mAP50@0.855, while it matched the accuracy with greater efficiency and achieved real-time inference with 166 FPS.

Plant phenotyping relevance

植物組織培養におけるカルスの形成段階・壊死状態を画像からインスタンスセグメンテーションする手法、データセット、モデル比較を中心に扱っており、植物状態の取得・定量化が本研究の主要な技術貢献である。

Code and data availability

The paper's lentil callus image dataset with annotations (122 images, 1185 annotations) is publicly available on Roboflow Universe per the Data Availability Statement. The YOLOv5 GitHub link and Ultralytics docs are generic third-party libraries, not authors' analysis code, and the FAO link is a cited reference, so all